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Kinematic Definitions and Elements

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Basic Kinematic Elements

You assemble mechanisms [called kinematic-chains, or sometimes linkages] with 'basic' kinematic elements.

Some Basic Definitions

Kinematics and Kinematic-Chains

Kinematics

is the study of the relative motion of rigid-bodies that are connected with joints. Kinematics does not consider the forces that you need to move a kinematic-chain.

Kinematic-Chain

A series of rigid-bodies and joints such that all move in a predictable way given the motion of a minimum of one rigid-body. One rigid-body in a kinematic-chain is the Reference Frame - called the Base-Part in MechDesigner.

Rigid Body

A 'rigid-body' is not a 'real' body.

A rigid-body:

•	does not stretch

•	does not bend

•	does not twist

•	does not vibrate

•	does not expand with heat

•	has an exact and specified length

Joint

A Joint allow the relative motion between Rigid-Bodies.

A 'ideal' Joint:

•	does not have backlash

•	does not resist the motion with friction or other deleterious force.

Machines versus Mechanisms

'Machines' are those kinematic-chains that do useful work, that transmit forces between Parts to transmit power from an input to an output

'Mechanisms' are those kinematic-chains that transmit motion, or information.

In MechDesigner, there is no distinction. However, there is often a semantic debate as to when a 'mechanism' becomes a 'machine', and vice versa. The difference between them is not always clear because:

•	Machines transmit force. But a motion is also transmitted from part to part.

•	Mechanisms transmit motion. But a force is also transmitted from part to part.

Parts

MechDesigner names of Parts

In MechDesigner, we use the name Part for a Rigid-Body.

We use three different names for a Part. Each is a Rigid Body We give them 'derived-names' to make the instructions in our help easier to follow.

BasePart-Partname

Base-Part - is the Reference Frame in each Mechanism-Editor.

The small XY-axes are at the Origin and are on the Mechanism-Plane.

You must add at least one joints between it and a different Part. Usually there are more joints.

Before you can add Joints between it and other Parts, you must add sketch-elements to the Base-Part.

AddedPart-Partname

Added-Part - (Part).

It is a Binary Part. (see below: Kinematic names)

You can make a Part a Ternary, Quaternary Part. (see below: Kinematic names)

Added-Parts lie on the Mechanism-Plane.

KC-Joint-Ball1

Connecting-Part

We use Connecting-Parts in Spatial kinematic-chains.

Connecting-Parts do not lie on the Mechanism-Plane.

They join two different Parts on two different Mechanism-Planes and between two different Mechanism-Editors.

Kinematic names of Parts

Reference Frame: a Frame of reference to identify the relative motion of moving Parts.

Binary Links, Ternary Links, Quaternary Links... Parts with two, three, four and more Points.

We do not 'add' Binary, Ternary and Quaternary Parts. We edit a Part to add any number of Points.

For completeness, Parts with two, three and four Points are shown below.

BasePart-Partname

Reference Frame

A Reference Frame is a Part that does not move - it is fixed in the Mechanism Plane.

It is a Frame of Reference to specify or measure the motion of moving Parts.

The Base-Part may itself move relative to other Mechanism Planes.

KC-Part

Binary Link:

Binary Links have a Point at each end.

This is the default Part in MechDesigner,

KC-Part-Ternary Link

Ternary Link:

A Ternary Part has three Points in it. To make a Ternary Part in MechDesigner:

1.	Add a (Binary) Part

2.	Edit it in the Part-Editor

3.	Add a Point!

4.	Close the Part -Editor.

In this image, the extra Point is at the Apex of two Lines.

KC-Part-QuarternaryPart

Quaternary Link

Here is a Quaternary Part. It has four Points.

It can get boring. You guessed it, add Lines, or Points, to give two extra Points.

Similarly, you can add five, six, seven, eight.... Points to a Part.

Joints

Joints constrain Parts to move relative to each other in a predefined way. Different types of joint give different relative motion.

A Joint is also known as a 'Kinematic-Pair'. There are three types of Kinematic-Pairs; each gives a different relative motion.

Lower Kinematic-Pairs

These use Points, Lines and Planes to constrain contact between two Parts with Points, Lines and Planes.

There are six Lower Kinematic Pairs. We have three in MechDesigner.

The other three are: Screw, Cylindrical and Plane on Plane. We do not have these in MechDesigner.

KC-Joint-Pin1

Revolute Pair (a Pin-Joint).

A line (the rotation axis) in a Part stays co-linear with a line (the rotation axis) in a different Part.

Planes that are perpendicular[⊥] to the Lines in the Parts stay in contact.

KC-Joint-Slide1

Prismatic Pair (a Slide-Joint)

A Line in a Part stays co-linear with a Line in a different Part.

Planes that are parallel to the Lines in the Parts stay in contact.

KC-Joint-Ball1

Spherical Pair (a Ball-Joint)

A Point in a Part stays in contact with a Point in a different Part.

A rule in MechDesigner:

There must be a Ball-Joint at each end of one Part.0

Higher Kinematic Pairs

Constrains contact between two Parts with Curves or Surfaces - also called a 'Half-Joint'.

KC-HigherPair-Cam1

Cam and Cam-Follower Pair

A Cam-Follower stays in continuous contact with a Cam surface.

Gear-PairOption1Ex

Gear-Pair

The contact between the involute curves of gear teeth.

Wrapping Kinematic Pairs

Constrains Points to be in contact with a sketch. It can be used to model belts, chains, and other such devices.

KC-WrappingPair-Belt

Belts

We constrain a Point (called a Motion-Point) to move along a sketch-path with a Motion-Path FB

It is possible to configure the sketch-elements as a loop (sketch-loop), and so make Points follow the continuous loop - as does a Belt.

You can use a sketch-loop to design Belt Paths or Chains Paths.

Motion-Parts and Motion-Dimensions

There are two elements for which we specify a motion.

Motion-Parts: You specify the motion of a Part with motion-values at the input to a Motion-Dimension FB.

Motion-Points: You specify the motion of a Point with motion-values at the input to a Motion-Path FB.

Rocker icon

Slider icon

The parameter that the Motion-Dimension FB specifies is:

•	Angle between two Parts when we join them with a Pin-Joint. We call the Motion-Part a Rocker

- or -

•	Distance between two Parts when we join them with a Slide-Joint. We call the Motion-Part a Slider

Motion-Path icon

The parameter the Motion-Path FB specifies is:

•	Distance relative to the start-Point of a sketch-element

Tutorial and Reference Help Files for MechDesigner and MotionDesigner 13.2 + © Machine, Mechanism, Motion and Cam Design Software by PSMotion Ltd