STEP 1: Select a Roller bearing Manufacturer

STEP 2: Select a Roller Bearing

Note: Click a Header to sort by that Header. E.g. Click OD to sort by Outside-Diameter 1.Click a Part-Number for the Roller or 2.Click a parameter under any header, e.g. click its Outside Diameter, OD. •The Part-Number is now below the Manufacturer •The Part-Number is also at the top of the form

Cam-Follower Radius & Roller Part- Number

IMPORTANT NOTES A.The Radius of the sketch-element that represents your Roller in your model will immediately change to the OD/2 of the bearing you select (plus/minus Radial Clearance). B.If you edit the Follower-Part, in the Part-Editor, you will see the Radius of the Roller and the Roller's Part-Number- see image. C.To edit the Radius of the Roller, you must •Select a different Part-Number for the Roller bearing or •Disable Show Roller and Cam Lifetimes check-box

You can see immediately the Basic Rating Life,

See  L10 for Roller: Part Number 

STEP 3: Enable ISO 281 Modification Factors

Enable ISO 281 Modification Factors

There are three areas in the ISO 281 Modification Factors separator.

The data allows us to calculate the and modification factors.

ISO 281 Modification Factors

Reliability Factor

There are two ways to specify the same Reliability Factor

•Recommended: Use the drop-down to select, from a standard list of reliability percentages.

The drop-down list is the standard range of Reliability Factors (90 to 99.95%), as given in ISO 281.

or

•Enter a Reliability Factor directly as a percentage.

In this case, we simply find the nearest Reliability Factor to the Reliability-Factors in the drop-down list.

Operating Viscosity

The viscosity of the Oil (or Base Oil in a Grease) is function of its Viscosity Grade, Viscosity Index, and the Operating Temperature.

To calculate these, you must enter five parameters.

•Operating Temperature,

•Temperature,  

•Viscosity, , at the Temperature,

•Temperature,

•Viscosity, , at the temperature,

Rules:

• and

•The ISO VG provides two parameters: and

•The datasheets of the Lubricating Oil or Grease should provide the Viscosity at and Viscosity at Temperatures.

Note

•In the case of heavily loaded bearings with a high proportion of sliding contact, the temperature in the contact area of the rolling elements may be up to higher than the temperature measured on the stationary ring (without the influence of any external heat sources).

Lubrication Type and Contamination Factors

The contamination factors can be determined for the following lubrication methods:

◉Oil Filtered On-Line: Circulating oil lubrication with the oil filtered on-line before being supplied to the bearings

◉Oil Filtered Off-line: Oil bath lubrication, or circulating oil lubrication with off-line filters (or without filtration)

◉Grease.

Oil-Mist Lubrication is not considered.

Oil Filtered On-Line

Select, in the drop-down list box, the Filtration Ratio, .

The operating, or actual, Filtration-Ratio should be as high, and if not higher, than the Filtration-Ratio you select.

• - the contamination particle size, in μm, with ISO 11171 calibration.

• - filtration ratio at contamination particle size

The designation (c) signifies that the particle counters — of particles of size — shall be APC (automatic optical single-particle counter) calibrated in accordance with ISO 11171.

Also, the oil system shall have cleanliness within the range indicated by the cleanliness code according to ISO 4406.

Oil Filtered Off-Line

Select, in the drop-down list box, the Cleanliness Codes, according to ISO 4406, that best represents the anticipated operating condition.

Grease

Select, in the drop-down list box, the Level of Contamination that best represents the anticipated operating condition.

These parameters are calculated automatically when you select a Roller, and/or enable ISO 281 factors.

Life for the seleced Roller(Cam-Follower Bearing)

Basic Rating Life,

This states that if the bearing load, , is equal to the Basic Dynamic Load Rating, , then there is a 90% reliability that the bearing will survive at least 1 million rotations, if manufactured with commonly used high quality material, of good manufacturing quality, and operating under conventional operating conditions.

Modified Rating Life,

Two factors must be calculated:

• - a factor for Reliability - see below

• -  a factor calculated with a System Approach - see below

Operating Life

The operating life is defined as the life actually achieved by the bearing. It may differ significantly from the calculated life.

The operating life cannot be calculated!

Due to the wide variety of possible installation and operating conditions, it is not possible to precisely predetermine the operating life. The most reliable way of arriving at a close estimate is by comparison with similar applications.

Possible factors influencing the operating life

The Reliability Factor is constant for all application conditions.

The drop-down list has the standard Reliability Factor percentages (90 to 99.95%), as given in ISO 281.

Modified Life Rating (at reliability) (millions of revolutions)

The Life Modification factor, , is a function of Oil or Grease Viscosity Grade, Filtration, Contamination, Oil Operating Temperature, the Fatigue load capacity of the Roller, the rotational-speed of the Roller, and the diameter of the Roller.

The equations given in ISO 281 to calculate these factors are empirical, quite complex, and interrelated. All of the factors, except , are a function of the bearing speed and bearing load. Since, in a cam mechanism, the speed and load on the roller are continually changing, we must calculate the factors at each step and integrate them to find their equivalent values.

Fatigue Limit of Bearing. ()

If the Fatigue Limit of the Roller bearing is not in the Catalogue, we calculate its value.

In analogy to the static load rating in ISO 76, is defined as the load at which the fatigue stress limit, , is just reached in the most heavily loaded raceway contact. For bearing steels, this is typically 1500MPa. The ratio can be approximated by the ratio

Contamination Factor,

To calculate the Contamination Factor, , you must select the Lubrication-Type and its Contamination Level. The Contamination Level is also a function of the Viscosity Ratio - see below.

Lubrication Type

We can choose from three Lubrication-Types:

•Circulating oil with the oil filtered in-line before being supplied to the bearings.

•Oil bath lubrication or circulating oil lubrication with off-line filters.

•Grease lubrication.

Oil Filtration

There are three types of filtration

•In-Line Filtration

•Off-Line Filtration

Grease Contamination Level

For grease, the level of contamination is a function of the

•assembly conditions for the machine/mechanism, the

•operating conditions, and the

•protection from dirt ingress into the Grease.

Grease Contamination

Each Lubrication-Type has a list of Contamination Levels from which you can choose.

Contamination Levels ISO 4406

The table below provides scale values as a function of particle concentration (particles/ml) - it is from ISO 4406

A three number code defines the amount of contamination at 4, 6, and 14 μm. Each time a scale number increases the quantity of particles is doubled.

Example: ISO code = 21 / 19 / 17

This Contamination Class describes a fluid containing:

•between 10 000 and 20 000 particles ≥ 4 μm(c) per 1 ml

•between 2 500 and 5000 particles ≥ 6 μm(c) per 1 ml

•between 640 and 1300 particles ≥ 14 μm(c) per 1 ml

If the leading number is missing, then that size of particle is not counted.

Viscosity-Ratio,

The viscosity ratio, , is an indication of the quality of lubricant film formation.

The effectiveness of the lubricant is primarily determined by the degree of surface separation between the rolling contact surfaces. If an adequate lubricant separation film is to be formed, the lubricant must have a given minimum viscosity when the application has reached its operating temperature. The condition of the lubricant separation is described by the viscosity ratio, , as the ratio of the actual kinematic viscosity, , to the reference kinematic viscosity,. The kinematic viscosity, , is considered when the lubricant is at operating temperature.

- Reference Kinematic Viscosity.

is the viscosity that should 'just' separate the rolling elements from the raceways, to give a Film Thickness Ratio, .

It assumes that the oil is a mineral oil, with a Viscosity-Index of approximately 100. Synthetic Hydrocarbon SHC type synthetic oils can be used.

Film Thickness Ratio is the ratio of the actual film thickness to the composite roughness of the rolling elements and raceway surfaces.

If the surfaces are not those surfaces that are internal to a bearing, for example, the internal housing is a spindle you have machined yourself, then it is better to calculate the Viscosity Ratio from

 - Viscosity at Operating Temperature

We calculate the viscosity at the Operating Temperature from the viscosity, , at two other temperatures.

The Viscosity at ( ) and the viscosity at ( ) are usually provided with the data sheet of the lubricant.

Notes:

A Viscosity-Ratio less than 0.1 is outside of the limits of ISO 281. It is very close to metal-to-metal contact.

A Viscosity-Ratio greater than 4 is the maximum that can be used by ISO 281. However, ISO 281 simply states that the Viscosity-Ratio is equal to 4 if it is actually greater than 4. A viscosity-ratio greater than 4 is getting too high for the bearings. The needles or balls may slide and refuse to roll in the 'thick-oil', or the oil may churn and increase the oil and bearing temperatures.

A viscosity of approximately 2-3 is approximately ideal.